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- SPACE, Page 44Next and Final Stop: Neptune
- Voyager sees some intriguing sights as it nears the eighthplanetBy Michael D. Lemonick
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- After a marathon journey of twelve years and more than 4
- billion miles, the remarkable Voyager 2 space probe is finally
- approaching its last port of call. Having made historic flybys of
- Jupiter in 1979, Saturn in 1981 and Uranus in 1986, it is poised
- for an Aug. 24 rendezvous with Neptune, the most distant of the
- giant planets. (It will not encounter Pluto, whose bizarre orbit
- now places it closer to the sun than Neptune is.) Voyager's aging
- cameras and electronic sensors are somewhat impaired, and the probe
- is so distant that its signals take four hours to travel to earth.
- Still, scientists expect mounds of fresh data and some 8,000
- photographic images, entirely new information about a little known
- object that is almost four times the size of earth but appears in
- earthly telescopes only as a fuzzy blue-green ball.
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- Though Voyager is still about 22 million miles from Neptune,
- it has already made several discoveries. It has found a new moon
- to add to the known duo, Triton and Nereid. Labeled 1989-N1, the
- object is between 125 and 400 miles across and has a surprisingly
- ordinary orbit. Like most moons, 1989-N1 orbits nearly over its
- planet's equator and in the same direction as the planet's
- rotation, implying that it formed with or soon after Neptune.
-
- By contrast, Triton, which is about the size of earth's moon,
- orbits in the opposite direction. That has led astronomers to guess
- that Triton might be a large asteroid that was captured by
- Neptune's gravity. Such an intrusion should have disrupted the
- paths of any existing moons. This would explain tiny Nereid's
- highly elongated and tilted orbit. But 1989-N1 is just "sitting
- there," says Voyager project scientist Torrence Johnson, of the Jet
- Propulsion Laboratory. Johnson expects that the probe will discover
- more moons, shedding light on Triton's origins. "All of the outer
- planets have lots of junk around them," he notes. Jupiter, Saturn
- and Uranus have at least 15 moons apiece. "It would be amazing if
- we got to Neptune and didn't find a bunch of these things."
-
- Like Jupiter and Saturn, but unlike its near-twin next-door
- neighbor, Uranus, Neptune appears to have distinct weather
- patterns. The probe's cameras have glimpsed a streak of white that
- may be an atmospheric jet stream, longitudinal bands that could
- mark prevailing winds, and a dark blotch, perhaps similar to
- Jupiter's ancient high-pressure system known as the Great Red Spot.
- Neptune, Jupiter and Saturn all generate more heat than they
- receive from the sun, while Uranus does not; the excess heat may
- be the source of the turbulence.
-
- Another focal point of scientific interest is Neptune's rings.
- Indirect evidence suggests that they exist, but as arcs rather than
- true rings. Voyager's photographs may help explain how they formed.
- The space probe will also examine reddish Triton, whose methane
- atmosphere is believed to overlie a surface puddled with liquid
- nitrogen.
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- While astronomers are eager to solve existing riddles about
- Neptune, the most exciting prospect is that Voyager 2 will find
- something unanticipated. That happened at Jupiter, where its sister
- probe, Voyager 1, found volcanoes on the moon Io. It happened at
- Saturn, where both spacecraft found many more rings than anyone had
- predicted. And it happened at Uranus, where Voyager 2 found that
- the planet's magnetic field was tilted an unprecedented 60 degrees
- from the axis of rotation. Given that track record, the unexpected
- is a virtual certainty.